ABCs of logic puzzles

who: J1
when: while on holiday from school

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After a long gap, I had a chance to look at Tanya Khovanova's math blog again recently. She has a nice mix of questions/puzzles, some of which are beyond our kids right now while others are perfect. Yesterday, we talked about a pair of problems involving a trio of puzzling characters: Alice, Bob, and Carl.

My hidden number
In the first puzzle, Carl has a secret number and gives out some clues. This puzzle shares characteristics with the (recently) famous Cheryl's Birthday puzzle. In particular:

1. There is some common information
2. There is some private information that the characters in the story have, but we don't have
3. The characters make comments about whether someone else can solve the puzzle
4. Being told something you already seem to have known (e.g., "You don't know the answer") actually gives the character enough additional information

I like Tanya's puzzle more than CBP because it is more self-contained and also invites us to a bunch of (elementary) number theory observations in addition to working through the logic.

Here are some highlights of the discussion:

• Realizing that there are some numbers where it is sufficient to see either the 10s or the 1s digit to reconstruct the whole number (given multiple of 7, less than 100, etc)
• Realizing that there are some numbers where one person could know the answer, but the other doesn't and that it could be either the person with the tens or the ones digit.
• Thinking about what it meant to Bob when Alice said that he didn't know the number.
• Identifying related clusters of multiples of 7 (like {14, 84}, {21, 28, 91, 98}) that helps us see some (slightly) more subtle relationships between numbers we don't normally associate

Where's the party
In the prior puzzle, we could trust everything that Alice, Bob, and Carl said as being true. In our second challenge, where's the party, we now confront a problem where there is always something distorted in their comments.

Once again, we felt there were some parallels with some of the scenario's from Smullyan's Alice in Puzzle Land. You have to play with the statements you are given to extract the useful information.

The key issue in our discussion of this puzzle was the process of going back and forth between "true" numbers and numbers spoken by the characters. This led us to talk about functions, like Alice(t) is the number Alice will say when she is talking about true number t and the inverse functions. J1 called the function inverse operator Undo, so Undo(Bob)(Bob(t))=t and Bob(Undo(Bob)(s)) = s.

Suddenly, J1 had so many questions about these new objects, Alice(), Bob(), Carl(), and their Undo relatives:

• When are they the same, i.e., Alice(t) = Bob(t)?
• Which one is larger, for a given true number t?
• Do we ever have Alice(t) = Undo(Alice)(t)?
• etc, etc

This was an invitation to make some pictures, a simple graph of the three functions. Here is J1's and then the one we made together:

The pictures then gave us some new things to notice. For example:

• Carl only says the largest number for a bounded region of true numbers
• For any true number, Carl never says the smallest number

A call for puzzle extensions/mash-ups 
J1 asked something I wouldn't have considered on my own: are these the same Alice, Bob, and Carl in the two puzzles? If so, does something interesting happen if we combine the distortions of the second puzzle with the basic set-up from the first puzzle? What if Alice and Bob don't know Carl's constant?

Please go forth and consider this version, as well as create new ones of your own. If you need further inspiration, consider this mash-up Cheryl's sweets, from the fantastic Aperiodical crew.